where is serpentinite found

The high evenness of microhabitats and the shear areal cover of serpentine areas of the Klamaths also reduces the likelihood of developing a biologic sink in which species become extinct. The Tainiovaara deposit is located ∼7 km northeast of the town of Lieksa. It varies in color, from apple-green to black and has a shiny, wax-like appearance with a soapy or greasy texture. This produces wider and greater numbers of serpentine belts in the Klamaths. 3). A small Archean serpentinite body and associated amphibolites form a greenstone belt relict within Archean tonalite gneisses of the Lieksa complex (GTK, DigiKP, 2014) (Figs. The color is pale-brass or bronze-yellow with greenish black streak and tarnishes to an iridescent surface property. Their total or pseudototal contents in soils are generally used as an initial reference but normally they are not a good predictor for availability, because in most cases only a fraction is mobile and/or available. It varies in color, from apple-green to black and has a shiny, wax-like appearance with a soapy or greasy texture. I have seen rock collectors in the Riverton, Wyoming area sell serpentinite as high-quality jade to unsuspecting buyers - even after I pointed out to the unscrupulous individuals that the material was serpentinite. The main gangue minerals are serpentine, talc, chlorite, carbonate, and tremolite. The Gordonbrook Serpentinite Belt extends for about 100 km from Fine Flower to Ewingar near Baryulgil in northeastern NSW. A rock composed of one or more serpentine group minerals, e.g., antigorite, chrysotile and lizardite, formed by serpentinization (hydration and metamorphic transformation) of rock consisting almost wholly of ferromagnesian silicate minerals, such as olivine and pyroxene (usually ultramafic igneous rocks). Magnetite grains show mainly pellicular alteration to iron oxides, and chlorite is partially altered to kaolinite. Jeffrey A. Karson, in Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, 2020. The magnesium oxalate was found at the lichen and rock interface on serpentinite. The crust (oceanic and continental) is situated above the mantle. Information about Serpentinite. - antigorite-serpentinite - chrysotile-serpentinite - lizardite-serpentinite Lizardite-serpentinite are characterized by pseudomorphic replacement of the original minerals olivine, pyroxene, amphibole and talc by the serpentine mineral lizardite (and sometimes magnetite or brucite). Serpentinite: rare rock elsewhere but common in Klamaths. The Tainiovaara deposit occurs in the central part of the serpentinite lens, consisting mainly of altered olivine mesocumulates (Fig. This serpentinite can be found in retrograde terrain. Only few studies discuss the micromorphology of saprolites developed on serpentinite (García et al., 1974; Zauyah, 1986; Lambiv Dzemua et al., 2011). Serpentinite is California’s State Rock. As a general rule of thumb, a translucent stone will have a stronger effect on psychic phenomena, while a more opaque stone has a clearer effect on the measurable, material world, but the differentiation is rather minor. Never disregard advice from your medical professional or delay seeking medical advice because of anything you may have read on Healing-Crystals-For-You.com. Participants will also key plant species found in the serpentine areas using The Jepson Manual. For instance, the Coast Ranges in California, where serpentinite is the official state rock, primarily consist of slices of the ocean’s crust that have been faulted and folded along the coastline. 4B and C). There is a small amount of pure green fine Serpentine that has a resemblance to jade. Where the original mineral assemblage can be inferred from relict minerals or pseudomorph textures, the original mineral name can be added to the rock name. For example, noble serpentinite is found in the works of masters of “Faberge” factory, and in Germany, in “Green Vault“ Museum of Dresden one can see the vase 15.5 cm … Klamath serpentinite beds have been less tilted and more duplicated and stretched by faulting than serpentinite in the California Sierras or Oregon Blue Mountains. Seraphinite is not only a beautiful stone, but it’s also a stone that can provide a lot of beneficial energies to your spirit! Phone is answered daily from 10 am to 5 pm. There's not only a north-south difference in serpentine obligates. Swiss ovenstone Edit. The chromite pods are of two types: olivine-bearing chromitites containing Cr-rich chromite ores, and clinopyroxene-bearing chromitites rich in alumina. Cleavage the varieties of crysotile have none, in lizardite and antigorite it is good in one direction. It can also be found in Italy, Austria, Russia, and Switzerland. Serpentine soils also impact fungal diversity. Participants will also key plant species found in the serpentine areas using The Jepson Manual. 4C; MacLeod and Murton, 1995). Hardness is 3 - 4.5 Specific Gravity is 2.2 - 2.6 Streak white The estimated resources of the Tainiovaara deposit are 0.45 Mt at 0.5 wt% Ni, 0.03 wt% Cu, and 0.01 wt% Co (Vanne, 1981). The closely packed pods form massive chromite ore that changes into open-textured disseminated mineralization. The term “serpentinite” is the proper term for the rock that is mostly made up of one or more of the serpentine group minerals. searching for Serpentinite 49 found (283 total) alternate case: serpentinite. Serpentinite is California’s State Rock. Andrew Mitchell, in Geological Belts, Plate Boundaries, and Mineral Deposits in Myanmar, 2018. Serpentinite hand specimen . I found a peaceful part of the world when I went rockhounding in an old mining claim in northern California. Serpentinite is a metamorphic rock that is mostly composed of serpentine group minerals. Very little detailed structural data are available to test this hypothesis. (A) PPL. This mineral is low in potassium and calcium, both of which are plant nutrients, and also contains high levels of potentially toxic elements such as magnesium, chromium, and nickel. Workshop participants will learn about the geologic history of the northern Sierra Nevada, the geologic sources of serpentinite, and the effects that serpentinite has on the vegetation that grows on it. Any information that may be found anywhere on this site is not presented as a substitute, nor intended to be a substitute for medical advice, treatment or diagnosis. A convergent plate boundary is a location where two tectonic plates are moving toward each other, often causing one plate to slide below the other (in a process known as subduction). I haven’t found chrysotile in Oakland, although I’d be thrilled to: it’s the fibrous mineral used to make asbestos. During the exploration activities by GTK, several other similar serpentinite bodies were found in the area (Halkoaho and Niskanen, 2004). 3.2.7). What is serpentinization? Talc has not been found, though it may have been replaced during the 90 Myr exhumation history of the LFC. In oceanic fracture zones, even with their documented thin crust, serpentinite bodies would have had to move thousands of meters vertically to breach the overlying oceanic crust and reach the tops of major escarpments where they are found. METHODS. Serpentinite often contains many veins, some of which may be filled with the fibrous mineral chrysotile (a form of asbestos). Get to know all the Serpentinite Uses. Serpentinite is found in the jade fields of Wyoming and in British Columbia and many prospectors mistaken the rock for jade. Is the number one destination for online dating with more relationships than any other dating or personals site. Such underground fungi mostly fruit in the spring and so are not as dependent on a moist fall to ensure spore dispersal, as are most above-ground fungi. Why Would You Use Seraphinite? A copper prospect within serpentinite west of the Ayeyawaddy near Nankesan around 24°39′N, 97°7′E was worked by a German company between 1908 and 1913, producing 449 tonnes, presumably concentrate. However, 32 of 74 ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Garry's oak (scientific name) were unique to serpentine soil (Moser et al., 2005). The soil which is derived from weathered serpentinite rock is called serpentine. The collision of tectonic plates can result in earthquakes, volcanoes, the formation of mountains, and other geological events. The Serpentinite Rocks Market Research Report 2020 presents a comprehensive analysis and breakdown of the data globally and regionally (Europe, Asia, North America, etc.). These discrete serpentinite shear zones typically form E-W striking, vertical features; however, they may also bound and juxtapose brittlely deformed disrupted ocean crustal blocks inferred to have formed at the Anti-Troodos ridge axis and then been incorporated into the broader transform-tectonized zone. It’s an area that’s had a lot of unpeaceful upheaval in the past — it’s on the Melones earthquake fault where the oceanic plate collided with the continental plate, creating this green serpentinite rock that snakes around the foothills of the Sierras. Though some rocks look identical, they have certain characteristics which distinguish them from others. Serpentinite Serpentinite is a metamorphic rock that is mostly composed of serpentine group minerals. Chromites are found in economic concentrations in ophiolites derived from the marginal-basin lithosphere of the Celebes, Sulu, and South China seas. Simas, in Interpretation of Micromorphological Features of Soils and Regoliths (Second Edition), 2018. Millerite is a nickel sulfide (NiS) mineral and occurs as common metamorphic replacement of Pentlandite within serpentinite ultramafic bodies with radiating cluster of acicular needles. Details and Registration This also indicates a low Klamath extinction rate and thus a long enough residence for plants to become neoendemics or even paleoendemics or relicts or both. Serpentine is the green mineral in this rock known as serpentinite. A variety of chlorite talc schist associated with Alpine serpentinite is found in Val d’Anniviers, Switzerland and was used as ovenstone in stove construction.. Neutron shield in nuclear reactors Edit. Fort Mason, Bldg. Bowenite is usually blue-green, yellow-green, or dark green and translucent; it is used for carving, knife handles, and so forth, and in jewelry. Those are three: chrysotile, antigorite and lizardite. Because serpentinite outcrops form small isolated areas of unusual soil chemistry, endemic plants adapted to these chemical conditions, and the microclimates of a particular outcrop, often evolve there. 3.2.7). (Ghent University archive). Veins of viberous serpentine can be found inside of massive serpentine or other rocks. Williamsite contains dark octahedral crystals of chromite, and patches of white brucite (magnesium hydroxide). Characteristics of rocks include texture, appearance, color, fracture, streak, hardness etc. Some of the stacks are connected by thin vein-like aggregates of chromite. As nouns the difference between serpentinite and benitoite is that serpentinite is (geology) a metamorphic rock composed of serpentine minerals formed by the hydration of ultramafic rocks while benitoite is (mineral) a rare hard blue silicate mineral found in hydrothermally altered serpentinite. The proportion of matrix to clasts increases progressively with increased deformation intensity, such that the highest strain serpentinite shear zones (mapped as lime green in Fig. All the deposits occur in schistose serpentinite as subvertical single or multiple lenses in linear stacks. Serpentinization is extremely common in ultrabasic rocks, especially those found in ophiolites where the entire rock may be converted to serpentine-group minerals, forming a serpentinite rock. Serpentinite, the most common source for chrysotile, is present in the Appalachians, Cascades, Coast Ranges of California and Oregon, and in other mountainous areas. These collisions were so strong that seafloor sequences were fault duplicated and preserved rather than sinking back down below Earth's crust. Peripheral speciation at the southern end of the Klamaths may have also played a role in boosting biodiversity. Serpentinite occurs along some major continental fault zones suggesting possible substantial vertical movements. The temperature of the Earth was also habitable at … All of the chromite occurrences are associated with serpentinites and/or other ultramafic rocks in the form of pods, narrow veins, and lenses up to 30-m long by 10-m across. An approximately 180-m-long and 80-m-wide serpentinite lens dips 70° to the west, with its longitudinal axis plunging approximately 35° to the northwest (Pekkarinen, 1980; Vanne, 1981) (Fig. concluded that serpentinite does not form a continuous layer and was probably tectonically emplaced. In contrast, the southern North Coast Range (sNCR) has fewer shared near-endemics (~ 15 taxa) and less areal exposure of serpentine soils and is further away from most potential near-endemic migrants. Miller. Appearance of Peridotite is Rough and Shiny and that of Serpentinite is Rough and Dull. D. Arenas-Lago, ... F. Alonso Vega, in Assessment, Restoration and Reclamation of Mining Influenced Soils, 2017. Serpentinites, and related materials, are known to have a very low frictional strength and outcrops on land and the seafloor commonly show a scaley fabric defined by anastomosing shear zones surrounding pods of more massive serpentinite, suggesting a pervasive deformation. It was originally mistaken for sapphire. The three deposits produced ∼2000 tonnes (∼2200 tons) each per annum. A few manganese oxide nodules are also observed. Serpentine is a metamorphic mineral that occurs in some marbles but is more often found by itself in serpentinite. Leave a message otherwise and we will get back to you. The sparse and intermittent production was mainly from ∼169 small recorded occurrences in the New England region and NSW up to the mid-1900s. Serpentinite (accent on the “pen”) is a rock composed of the serpentine minerals (accent on the “serp”). Palladium is mostly commonly used in catalytic and automobile related industrial applications with about 80% of its demand derived from specifically car … Small amounts of tremolite asbestos are still mined in India. As a corollary to serpentinite rock, serpentine soil carries the unique chemical composition containing high amounts of magnesium and low amounts of calcium. The host rock represents a deformed and disrupted oceanic crust of the Late Silurian to Early Middle Devonian. Serpentine is a very common mineral, and is found in abundance worldwide. Serpentinite vs Schist characteristics assist us to … The mineral possesses metallic luster, and in purest form contains 64.7% Ni, and 35.3% S. Millerite is a preferred source of nickel having the highest metal content among the remaining nickel-bearing group. Many of the transform sequence wehrlite intrusives are fresh, proving the early serpentinization of the mantle section. The composition of these common rock-forming minerals approximates Mg3Si2O5(OH)4. The term "serpentine" is commonly used by the general public to refer to the rock type that geologists call "serpentinite." Serpentinite mud volcanoes occur in the landward walls of some subduction zones, but these do not resemble the massive, fractured serpentinites from oceanic fracture zones. California plants on serpentine in relatively moist sites common in the Klamaths are more diverse in function and genetically more different from each other than those on drier sites (Anacker, 2011). Portsoy (573 words) exact match in snippet view article find links to article jewellery made from "Portsoy marble" (which is not marble, but rather serpentinite). Åke Fagereng, Christopher J. MacLeod, in Transform Plate Boundaries and Fracture Zones, 2019. The Coolac Serpentinite Belt extends over 130 km from Young in the north to Tumut in the south and hosts a number of chromite deposits/occurrences. 94123. 201 This intolerance to certain heavy metals and/or a high magnesium to calcium ratio may extend to other fungi as there are no mushrooms with fruiting bodies that are known only from Klamath serpentine. (B) XPL. Mafic lithologies within serpentinite are rodingitized in many instances, and in the shear zones the foliated serpentinite adjacent to mafic blocks may also include tremolite. Characteristics of rocks include texture, appearance, color, fracture, streak, hardness etc. Dense, incomplete, ferruginous infillings in planar voids associated with chlorite and chrysotile veins are common. 3.2.4(C)). The chromite resources and production has been comparatively little in Australia due to the paucity of economic deposits. It typically occurs in shiny, streamlined forms, asbestos fibers being the most notable exception. Endemics make up about 10% of the CFP vascular plant endemics yet serpentine soils in California comprise < 1% of the state's surface. San Francisco, CA Serpentinite vs Schist Characteristics. bottom of ocean crust that is found east of the subduction zone. The oldest rock near the surface of the Island is serpentinite, which can be found from St. George to Old Mill Road, near the LaTourette Golf Course. The deposit still contains 0.43 Mt of unexploited nickel ore. In the lower saprolite of a profile on serpentinite, composed of antigorite, chrysotile, magnetite and chlorite, in a tropical area, the antigorite crystals remain unchanged (Zauyah, 1986). This serpentinite can be found in retrograde terrain. These are igneous rocks that are composed of olivine and pyroxene (peridotite, pyroxenite).Serpentine group minerals occur less commonly in some olivine-bearing marbles … Rocks are naturally occurring solids which are composed of minerals & have been used by humans since ages. Benitoite is a rare blue barium titanium silicate mineral, found in hydrothermally altered serpentinite.Beniotite is a very rare mineral that was discovered in 1907 in San Benito County in California. California Department of Conservation administers a variety of programs vital to California's public safety, environment and economy. Being close to the birth of seafloors allowed the still heat expanded and so light enough oceanic slabs to be pushed on top of the Klamaths. Peridotite is available in dark greenish - grey colors whereas, Serpentinite is available in black, brown, colourless, green, grey, white colors. Since it is derived from mantle material, the chemistry of serpentinite is unlike that of most rocks in the earth's crust. The serpentinite at the Presidio is probably made from rock scraped off the bottom of ocean crust that is found east of the subduction zone . In mountain building areas, peridotite exposed to pressure can subsequently fracture. During the exploration activities by GTK, several other similar serpentinite bodies were found in the area (Halkoaho and Niskanen, 2004). 3. Serpentine, any of a group of hydrous magnesium-rich silicate minerals. A combination of different techniques is effective for identifying the soil sorbents for PHEs and for assessing their distribution and association with different geochemical phases. Siti Zauyah, ... Felipe N.B. The chromite occurs as pods throughout the Coolac Serpentinite Belt. 3.2.7). Mining activities and serpentinite quarrying may result in negative effects on the environment, as significant amounts of potential hazardous elements (PHEs) remain in a hostile environment that limits proper organism development. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Serpentine is most commonly found as a green Cabochon gemstone. Early geologists in California recognized the economic resources in serpentinite. Mercury, nickel, chromium, and magnesite were often found near its outcroppings, along with naturally occurring asbestos particles–microscopic needlelike crystals of magnesium-iron silicate. Figure 7. The chromite pods developed along the Peel Thrust and extend southeasterly from Bingara, through Barraba, to Bowling Alley Point near Nundle. It consists mainly of disseminated sulfides (type II komatiitic deposit), but there are also small massive to semimassive and net-textured sulfide accumulations (type I) at the bottom of the serpentinite lens (Vanne, 1981; Papunen, 1989) (Fig. Out of 14 endemic or near-endemic peas, only four can tolerate serpentine, most likely because of its toxicity to many of their symbiotic root fungi. The major ore minerals are pyrrhotite and pentlandite, and chalcopyrite and pyrite form minor phases. The composition of these common rock-forming minerals approximates Mg3Si2O5(OH)4. Kaolinite mass replacing serpentine and iron oxides precipitating in voids created by the dissolution of magnesite crystals (centre) and along planar voids, in a serpentinite saprolite (bottom of laterite profile, SE Cameroon). pən‚tē‚nīt] (petrology) ... Serpentinite is used as a construction material, in particular, as a facing material; translucent varieties of serpentinite (ophicalcite) are used in industry. So, even though sheared serpentinites might be very weak and capable of large-scale flow, their density would probably not be sufficient to cause buoyant upward movement. Iron oxide masses replace the dissolved magnesite grains (Fig. The serpentinite at the Presidio is probably made from rock scraped off the bottom of ocean crust that is found east of the subduction zone. Serpentinite shear zones are the principal transform-related structures in the mantle section of the STTFZ, both in the western and northeastern parts of the LFC (Fig. A small Archean. Vertical section of the Tainiovaara nickel deposit, showing locations of drillcores and their Ni content. Serpentinization of anhydrous mantle peridotite results in both a volume increase and density decrease, both of which could contribute to upward displacement through the oceanic crust. In the upper saprolite, serpentine is more weathered, and iron oxides accumulate in fissures. Serpentinite rock is mostly composed of a mineral called serpentine. “Exotic” lithologies such as sandstones, shales, cherts, or volcanic rocks do not occur as blocks within the serpentinite. Serpentinite is a rare rock type that is most often developed in subduction zones, where one tectonic plate is subducted under another. This adds to microhabitat diversity due in part to peridotite shading and runoff from its boulders. Dehydration of Gagnone-like hybrid serpentinite can release fluids with negative 11 B and high radiogenic Sr, which mimic the composition of sedimentary reservoirs ( … Benitoite fluoresces under short wave ultraviolet light, appearing bright blue to bluish white in color. Serpentine, any of a group of hydrous magnesium-rich silicate minerals. Serpentinite is a rare rock type that is most often developed in subduction zones, where one tectonic plate is subducted under another. Plants that live on serpentinite are adapted to survive in these unusual chemical conditions. Magnetite, zoned chromite, and ilmenite occur in disseminated form throughout the ore body. The serpentinite at the Presidio is probably made from rock scraped off the bottom of ocean crust that is found east of the subduction zone . Serpentine group minerals antigorite, lizardite, and chrysotile are produced by … Coatings of limpid authigenic clay occur in some voids in the lower saprolite. Szklaryite (290 words) exact match in snippet view article find links to article Pieczka, A., 2000. The Tainiovaara deposit is approximately 130 m long and 25 m wide and extends to a depth of at least 50 m (Vanne, 1981). The host rock and high-grade copper ore suggest the speculative possibility that the ore is a raft or block of “Cyprus-type” volcanogenic massive sulfides in serpentinite-matrix mélange, and that subsurface massive sulfide ore could exist in the vicinity. Find a woman in my area! It can be found throughout California’s mountain ranges, especially the Klamath Mountains, the Coastal Range, and the Sierra Nevadas. The main chromite deposits are concentrated in the southern parts of the Gordonbrook Serpentinite Belt, although minor occurrences are noted elsewhere. Serpentine generally occurs in three polymorphs: chrysotile, a fibrous variety used as asbestos; antigorite, a variety occurring in either S.K. The total production was approximately 20,000 t at 1.4 wt% Ni and 0.12 wt% Cu (Puustinen et al., 1995). The deposit was mined in 1989 by Outokumpu Oy. The ratios in the Klamaths are even more lopsided as serpentine covers about 14% of its land area, perhaps the most of any bioregion in the world. In other words, a more diverse microtopography shelters a greater diversity of plants in this rock type compared to the number of species in more topographically uniform, barren-looking soils derived from serpentinite. Still, under the West Greenland ice fields, Bird and Pope have recently identified serpentinite among some of the oldest rocks yet found. It’s an area that’s had a lot of unpeaceful upheaval in the past — it’s on the Melones earthquake fault where the oceanic plate collided with the continental plate, creating this green serpentinite rock that snakes around the foothills of the Sierras. Undeformed dolerite dykes may also cut the shear zones, attesting to the syntectonic nature of the intrusions (Murton, 1986a; Gass et al., 1994). Serpentinite is a rare rock type that is most often developed in subduction zones, where one tectonic plate is subducted under another. Peridotite consists primarily of olivine. (415) 561-4323 It is the predominate soil found in Poly Canyon and elsewhere on Cal Poly land, which may be viewed in our Locations page. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Williamsite contains dark octahedral crystals of chromite, and patches of white brucite (magnesium hydroxide). • Serpentinite is a metamorphosed version of rocks that make up oceanic crust after they are incorporated into subduction zones (plate boundaries where oceanic plates are thrust under continental plates). I'm a senior Chemical Engineering student at Clemson University and I can't seem to find a decent definition. Iron oxides are deposited between the serpentine grains. Serpentinite dating - Men looking for a man - Women looking for a man. Serpentine generally occurs in three polymorphs: chrysotile, a fibrous variety used as asbestos; antigorite, a variety occurring in either 4D). Phone is answered daily from 10 am to 5 pm. They are used as a source of magnesium and asbestos, and as a decorative stone. It can be found throughout California’s mountain ranges, especially the Klamath Mountains, the Coastal Range, and the Sierra Nevadas. Serpentinite shear zones contain discrete slip surfaces subparallel to the scaly to schistose fabric. Commercially mined palladium is also produced from nickel–copper ore deposits where palladium is also found in small quantities. From Stone Age, rocks are used for various purposes. It is found in Halls Gap area in Kentucky, United States. The Mineral Resources Development Corporation together with the Yugoslavia Enterprise Geoistrasivanja drilled the prospect in 1954, completing three holes having a total depth of 2000 m and establishing a resource of 10,000-tonnes ore grading 4% Cu. The collision of tectonic plates can result in earthquakes, volcanoes, the formation of mountains, and other geological events. Also, the metals and minerals found in rock play an important role in our life. Talc has not been found, though it may have been replaced during the 90 Myr exhumation history of the LFC. The serpentine subgroup (part of the kaolinite-serpentine group) are greenish, brownish, or spotted minerals commonly found in serpentinite rocks. These serpentinite outcrops do not appear to be part of a serpentinite-matrix mélange. Were does serpentinite form? For example, noble serpentinite is found in the works of masters of “Faberge” factory, and in Germany, in “Green Vault“ Museum of Dresden one can see the vase 15.5 cm high (German master 1500) made of this stone. The only non-serpentinite rocks found within serpentinite bodies are the rare clinopyroxenites and metagabbro lenses. The oldest rock near the surface of the Island is serpentinite, which can be found from St. George to Old Mill Road, near the LaTourette Golf Course. The Great Serpentinite Belt extends ∼120 km hosting four major deposits from north to south: Bingara, Barraba, Attunga, and Nundle. There is a name given to this gemstone called “New Jade”. Serpentinization is a processes whereby rock (usually ultramafic) is changed, with the addition of water into the crystal structure of the minerals found within the rock. As serpentinite dehydrates at sub-arc depths, the resulting fluid acquires the serpentinite–sediment hybrid component found in arc lavas. serpentinite and peridotite - Ultramafic rock consists of magnesium-iron silicate minerals, such as olivine and pyroxene and forms the upper mantle of the earth. There are fewer serpentine-dependent taxa in coastal areas compared to more inland areas, a pattern that may be due to higher species competition. Accessory chlorite, talc, and magnetite may be present. The lower saprolite of a serpentinite profile in a Mediterranean climate shows abundant altered pyroxenes, serpentine, chlorite, plagioclase and chalcedony (García et al., 1974). The Tainiovaara deposit is clearly magmatic in origin, as indicated by the magmatic sulfide assemblages, but was modified by postmagmatic processes. If so, then a greater net migration from a Klamath source to the northern NCR may have helped result in producing ~ 28 shared near-endemic species. The Klamaths thus are in a not-too-wet/not-too-dry, just right Goldilocks zone of many ancient and isolated serpentine areas conducive to speciation and much larger areas of continuous serpentine that reduces extinction rates (Harrison et al., 2004).

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